THE APPLE TREE RESISTANCE TO THE EXTREME TEMPERATURES AND SCARCE WATER SUPPLY

Abstract

Under the global crisis conditions and frequent scab epiphytoty the questions of the apple resistance to drought and scab become significance. Physiology and biochemical researches were carried out in 2015-2017 on the base of the Service sector «Central», TSKP of the Instrumentation and Analytical Laboratory of Plants Physiology and Biochemistry of the FSBSI NCFZSCHW. The results of studying the physiological and biochemical immune features and non-immune to the scab apple-tree varieties from different ecological and geographical origin are presented. Modern analytical methods of research have shown that the content of key metabolites (calcium ions, chlorophylls sum, phenolcarboxylic acids, peroxidase) changes during the summer vegetation period and correlates with extreme temperature and low moisture availability. The water content of the apple leaf apparatus from highly drought-resistant such as Fortuna, Soyuz, Rodnichok, Prikubanskoe, was declined in a less degree than in the other, and in August was 68.12-129.91%. During the summer period the calcium ions content in this varieties was stable – 523-987 mg/kg of the raw material. It has been established that in immune to the scab apple varieties Fortuna, Soyuz, as well as non-immune varieties – Rodnichok, Prikubansky content of the water bound form, phenolic carboxylic acids, peroxidase activity during the summer period, the water content of the tissues indices, the leaf apparatus, the sum of chlorophylls (a + b), the content of calcium ions persists throughout the summer. These varieties are distinguished as highly resistant to extreme temperatures and low availability of the summer period for cultivation in the conditions of the south of Russia.