PRODUCTIVITY OF SPRING BARLEY IN SOUTH DAGESTAN WINTER SOWING CONDITIONS

Abstract

One of the most important tasks of breeding is to ensure a steady increase in the quantity and quality of crops in different soil, climatic and weather conditions zones. For each agricultural region, district and even locality, it is necessary to ensure the selection and creation of appropriate varieties. The most important requirement for new varieties is the stability of high yields in combination with other economically useful qualities that determine high plasticity and productivity. In the grain balance of Russia, the second place in terms of sown areas is consistently occupied by barley. This is a universal culture in its economic use. First of all, barley is a high-quality forage crop. Its grain is a raw material for the production of cereals (pearl barley and barley), malt for the brewing industry, malt extract (malts extracts), which are widely used in medicine, confectionery, textile and leather industries. In years with unfavorable conditions during the autumn sowing, the acreage under winter grain crops is reduced. The greatest danger to the harvest of winter crops in the conditions of the southern region is often repeated autumn droughts, lack of moisture in the soil, high average daily temperatures and microflora activity, resulting in sparse sowing and reduced yields. However, the productivity of modern varieties of spring barley is limited by abiotic stresses. For the "repair" of frozen winter crops, spring barley is used as an insurance crop. In the conditions of the southern plain zone of Dagestan with mild winters, it is customary to cultivate spring barley in winter sowing. The climate is subtropical, semi-dry. The soils are mainly light chestnut, heavy loamy, saline-saline. The coldest months are December-January-February. The average monthly temperatures in the period 2019-2021 are: 5,5-7,3; 4,4-5,5; 3,5-5,50 With, respectively. With winter sowing of spring crops in regions where climatic conditions allow, the duration of the growing season is artificially lengthened and plants effectively use favorable soil and climatic factors for growth and development. At the same time, as a rule, there is an increase in yield compared to spring sowing. The variety shows the maximum genetic potential. In the winter sowing period, a comprehensive laboratory and field study of 361 samples of barley from the world gene pool of different types of development was carried out. Of interest is the dynamics of the elements of the crop structure in connection with their contribution to the formation of final productivity. Such indicators as the number of productive stems (pcs/m2), the mass of 1000 grains (g), the mass of grain per unit area (g/m2) were studied.