EFFICIENCY OF SATURATED WITH WATER SOILS DRAINAGE IN ENSURING HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE AGRICULTURE

Abstract

The article presents the results of long-term (1982-2021) studies to assess the effectiveness of drainage and the effect of mineral fertilizers on the productivity of waterlogged soils. The studies were carried out on three land reclamation sites in the Tver region with soddy-podzolic light loamy gleyic soils formed on a moraine and a thin binomial. It has been established that during long-term operation, drainage remains operational, has a positive effect both on the productivity of cultivated crops and on the entire crop rotation. Over 19 years of research under the influence of drainage with the use of fertilizers, the increase in plant yield was within the standard values: potatoes 7.8 t/ha, which corresponds to 30.7%, spring crops 0.69 t/ha (22.6%), winter cereals 1.67 t/ha (55.9%). The most significant increases were obtained in years with excessive precipitation, 2-3 times higher than with an average level of precipitation. The strongest correlation of spring crops with hydrothermal indicators was obtained in the month of May. The effect of drainage is manifested in more sustainable agriculture, which is confirmed by a decrease in the coefficient of temporal variability of yields, both potatoes and grains, by 1.5-4.0 times. Studies have shown that the main factor influencing the increase in the intensification of agriculture when the soil is drained is mineral fertilizers. Generalization of the obtained results showed that under the influence of fertilizers, the yield of spring wheat increased by 53.4-85.1%, winter rye - by 45.5-71.6%, annual grasses - by 60.9%, barley - by 57, 4%, oats - by 57.9%, and potatoes - by 93.4-210%. In the amount of grain yield increase, the share of mineral fertilizers as a result of drainage is estimated at 79.9-80.1%, and potatoes at 86.6-88.2%. The share of drainage in the structure of the increase in the yield of grain crops, at the same time, is 20.1-30.0%, for potatoes - 11.9-13.5%. Reclamation costs, depending on the complexity of the facility and the intensity of the use of drained lands, pay off in 2-6 years.